na featured na sya sa isang pahayagan sa ibang bansa sa Peru

sinelasin ko mukha mo Page Liked · Yesterday · Edited · WOW!! ibang Level na talaga ang presidente natin..! wow! daming bansa talaga ang interesado sa bagong presidente natin lahat humahanga! nakaka proud! salamat tatay Digong naming lahat! (y) CTTO editor ☆pocari👒 See Translation Like Like Love Haha Wow Sad Angry CommentShare Chronological 1717 4 Comments 64 shares Comments Tsinelasin ko mukha mo Tsinelasin ko mukha mo with regards to citizens giving them the rights to shoot criminals im against it..its the job of the PNP..not the civilians.. Like · Reply · Yesterday at 5:03pm Peter Liwanag Peter Liwanag Hahahah! Natapon ang catsup! See Translation Peter Liwanag's photo. Like · Reply · 1 · 22 hrs Jackie Lyn Requija Cabrera Jackie Lyn Requija Cabrera Iba yung sinsabi dyn See Translation Like · Reply · 18 hrs Len Tenorio Adefuin Sevilla Len Tenorio Adefuin Sevilla Wag mo lahatin tatay nyo lang di kami kasali See Translation Like · Reply · 4 hrs Oscar del Rosario Write a comment...

Roads you would never want to drive on Pia Bautista 4 days ago 65748 Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Send email

Roads you would never want to drive on Pia Bautista 4 days ago 65748 Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Send email Think the road that leads to your city, town or village is bad? Once you see these seven most dangerous roads in the world, you would thank God for the one you have! Roads you would never want to drive on Most of these roads are located in the mountain areas, such as Tibet. Surely tourists have a hard time resisting the views those roads offer, but the beauty is killing, indeed! Some of these paths claim over 300 lives per year and do it all the time. Most of the dangers are hidden in massive landslides, gravel and stones falling down on the cars and people. On some roads, humans are a significant threat. Careless driving leads to the majority of accidents and deaths. Roads you would never want to drive on If you are smart, you would never take the risks of traveling on those roads, but some people in this world have no option. The most dangerous roads in the world lead to their home villages or towns. They are forced to travel back and forth on them regularly and put their lives at risk. Watch the video and see the amazing sites on our globe, where traveling is as dangerous as it gets. These roads are treacherous, and we can only rejoice in not having to take the risks daily going back home!

Guangxi - China

About Visit Guangxi - China Page Info PAGE INFO Start Date Opened in June 2015 Short Description The official Facebook page for everyone who loves Guangxi, brings you travel ideas, attractions, events, fun facts and everything about this destination! Long Description This page is a place where travellers from all around the world are welcome to discuss and share their experiences of Guangxi as a travel destination. Please feel free to share your thoughts about Guangxi here but also take note that the Guangxi Tourism Commission will remove the posts (be they texts, graphics, drawings, images, photographs, audio or video materials) that: • are unlawful, fraudulent, violent, abusive, obscene, profane, hateful, offensive, racist or otherwise objectionable or unreasonable • threaten or defame any person or organization • are solicitations, advertisements, endorsements or misrepresentation of any kind • infringe upon any intellectual property right or proprietary right of any person or organization • are off-topic • contain anything else Guangxi Tourism Commission deems to be inappropriate Guangxi Tourism Commission reserves the right to remove any content in breach of the above rules and to prohibit any person who defies such rules from logging onto our social media channels. While the Guangxi Tourism Commission will do its best to monitor the posts, we do not have the responsibility of the comments of fans, and the posts do not represent our opinions, nor do we confirm their accuracy and ownership rights. By posting material on our social media pages you hereby grant to Guangxi Tourism Commission a royalty-free, worldwide, revocable, perpetual licence to use, modify, delete from, add to, disclose and/or reproduce, your posts in any online media, print publications and through any social media channels, pages or accounts for public view and sharing and other purposes Guangxi Tourism Commission deem to be appropriate. 繁体：https://www.facebook.com/廣西旅遊局-1512909085669673/?ref=bookmarks 法语：https://business.facebook.com/Tourisme-de-Guangxi-193227931016666/?business_id=135127163540726&ref=bookmarks 韩语：https://www.facebook.com/광시성-관광-900245470040543/?ref=bookmarks 日语：https://www.facebook.com/中国広西観光局-820224171388951/?ref=bookmarks 德语：https://www.facebook.com/Entdecke-GuangXi-China-577800875692283/?ref=bookmarks Mission To unveil the hidden beauty of Guangxi, and inspire the world to explore this destination. Email info.guangxi@gmail.com Website http://en.gxta.gov.cn/

Turmeric-Carrot-Black Pepper Soup Curcumin, a bioactive ingredient in turmeric, exhibits over 150 potentially therapeutic activities,

This Turmeric-Carrot-Black Pepper Soup Fights Inflammation, Alzheimer’s Disease and Cancer FacebookTwitterGoogle+Pinterest Curcumin, a bioactive ingredient in turmeric, exhibits over 150 potentially therapeutic activities, including anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity, and anti-cancer properties that have been intensely studied. What Makes Curcumin Such Potent Medicine? Researchers have found a number of different mechanisms of action for curcumin, and part of the answer as to why curcumin appears to be such potent medicine is because it can: Modulate about 700 of your genes Positively modulate more than 160 different physiological pathways3 Make your cells’ membranes more orderly4 Affect signaling molecules.5 For example, curcumin has been shown to directly interact with: Inflammatory molecules Cell survival proteins Histone Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV1) integrase and protease DNA and RNA Various carrier proteins and metal ions As a result of these (and potentially other) effects, curcumin has the ability to benefit your health in a variety of ways, and prevent a number of different diseases. According to a study published in the Natural Product Reports6 in 2011, curcumin can be therapeutic for: Lung and liver diseases Neurological diseases Metabolic diseases Autoimmune disorders Cardiovascular diseases Inflammatory diseases7 More specifically, studies8,9 that now number in the hundreds have shown that curcumin and other bioactive compounds in turmeric can: Support healthy cholesterol levels Prevent low-density lipoprotein oxidation Inhibit platelet aggregation Suppress thrombosis and myocardial infarction Suppress symptoms associated with type 2 diabetes Suppress symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis Suppress symptoms of multiple sclerosis Protect against radiation-induced damage and heavy metal toxicity Inhibit HIV replication Reduce systemic inflammation in obese individuals10 Enhance wound healing Protect against liver damage11 Increase bile secretion Protect against cataracts Protect against pulmonary toxicity and fibrosis Turmeric May Help Combat Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Inflammatory Conditions Curcumin is capable of crossing your blood-brain barrier, which is one factor that has led researchers to investigate its potential as a neuroprotective agent for neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease.12,13 The potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin suggests it may also promote brain health in general. In the case of Alzheimer’s, recent animal research14 has discovered another bioactive ingredient in turmeric, besides curcumin, that adds to its neuroprotective effects. This compound, called aromatic turmerone, help endogenous neutral stem cells (NSC) to grow, and these stem cells play an important role brain repair and regeneration activities. According to lead author Adele Rueger:15 “While several substances have been described to promote stem cell proliferation in the brain, fewer drugs additionally promote the differentiation of stem cells into neurons, which constitutes a major goal in regenerative medicine. Our findings on aromatic turmerone take us one step closer to achieving this goal.” Curcumin may also be helpful. Previous research has shown that curcumin helps inhibit the accumulation of destructive beta-amyloids in the brain of Alzheimer’s patients, as well as break up existing plaques associated with the disease. People with Alzheimer’s tend to have higher levels of inflammation in their brains, and curcumin is perhaps best known for its potent anti-inflammatory properties. It can inhibit both the activity and the inflammatory metabolic byproducts of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) and 5-lipooxygenase (5-LOX) enzymes, as well as other enzymes and hormones that modulate inflammation. Another common condition that can benefit from curcumin’s anti-inflammatory activity is osteoarthritis. Research16 published in 2011 found that patients who added 200 mg of curcumin a day to their treatment plan had reduced pain and increased mobility compared to the control group. Earlier research17 also found that a turmeric extract blocked inflammatory pathways, effectively preventing the launch of a protein that triggers swelling and pain. Curcumin Appears to Be Universally Useful for All Cancers Among the most exciting benefits of turmeric is its potent anti-cancer activity.18,19 Curcumin actually has the most evidence-based literature20 supporting its use against cancer of any other nutrient, including vitamin D! As noted by Dr. William LaValley—one of the leading natural medicine cancer physicians whom I’ve previously interviewed on this topic—curcumin is unique in that it appears to be universally useful for just about every type of cancer. This is odd, considering the fact that cancer consists of a wide variety of different molecular pathologies. One reason for this universal anti-cancer proclivity is curcumin’s ability to affect multiple molecular targets, via multiple pathways. Once it gets into a cell, it affects more than 100 different molecular pathways. And, as explained by Dr. LaValley, whether the curcumin molecule causes an increase in activity of a particular molecular target, or decrease/inhibition of activity, studies repeatedly show that the end result is a potent anti-cancer activity. Moreover, curcumin is non-toxic, and does not adversely affect healthy cells, suggesting it selectively targets cancer cells—all of which are clear benefits in cancer treatment. Research has even shown that it works synergistically with certain chemotherapy drugs, enhancing the elimination of cancer cells. [Health benefits via Dr. Mercola] Moroccan Carrot Soup Ingredients 2 tablespoons butter 1 cup chopped organic yellow onion 1 pound large organic carrots, cut in ½- inch dice (about 2 ⅔ cups) 2 1/2 cups low-sodium organic chicken stock or vegetable stock 2 minced garlic cloves (or more to taste) 2 teaspoons turmeric 1 1/2 teaspoons cumin seeds 1 tablespoon honey 1 tablespoon fresh lemon juice 1/8 teaspoon allspice Salt and fresh cracked black pepper (to taste) 1/2 cup sour cream, crème fraishe, or plain yogurt, optional for garnish Preparation Melt butter in a large sauce pan over medium-high heat. Add onion; saute for 2 minutes. Mix in carrots and broth. Bring to boil. Reduce heat, cover and simmer until carrots are very tender, about 20 minutes. Stir cumin seeds in a small skillet over medium-high heat until fragrant, about 4 – 5 minutes. Finely grind in a spice mill. Remove soup from heat. Puree in batches in a blender until smooth. Return to sauce pan. Whisk in honey, lemon juice and allspice. Season with salt and pepper. Ladle soup into bowl. Sprinkle with toasted cumin, or mix cumin and sour cream in a small bowl and dollop on top. Serve. Source http://www.foodista.com/blog/2012/03/29/must-try-spicy-moroccan-carrot-soup A quick note from our founder- Over the past year, my friend Dave at PaleoHacks has been working on a secret cookbook with world-renowned Le Cordon Bleu chef Peter Servold. Well, today this new this new incredible Paleo Cookbook is finally available to be shipped right to your door for FREE That’s right — as a special launch promotion, we’re offering our brand new Paleo fat loss cookbook to you for free (Chef Pete lost 60 lbs using these recipes!) — All you have to do is just cover a small shipping cost (international shipping is a bit more). Get your FREE copy of Paleo Eats Here. (Grab this today, because we only ordered a small batch of these cookbooks for this freebie promotion, and they will sell out FAST!) –> Get The Free Cookbook

Rice crops that can save farmers money and cut pollution New study identifies rice crops that are more efficient at using nitrogen

Science Newsfrom research organizations Rice crops that can save farmers money and cut pollution New study identifies rice crops that are more efficient at using nitrogen Date: July 29, 2016 Source: University of Toronto Summary: A new study has identified 'superstar' varieties of rice that can reduce fertilizer loss and cut down on environmental pollution in the process, report scientists. Share: AddThis Sharing Buttons FULL STORY U of T Scarborough Professor Herbert Kronzucker has helped identify "superstar" varieties of rice that can reduce fertilizer loss and cut down on environmental pollution in the process. Credit: Ken Jones A new U of T Scarborough study has identified "superstar" varieties of rice that can reduce fertilizer loss and cut down on environmental pollution in the process. The study, authored by U of T Scarborough Professor Herbert Kronzucker in collaboration with a team at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, looked at 19 varieties of rice to see which ones were more efficient at using nitrogen. "We have this bucolic idea of agriculture -- animals grazing or vast fields of majestic crops -- but the global reality is it's one of the biggest drivers of environmental pollution and climate change," says Kronzucker. Nitrogen, when applied as fertilizer, is taken up inefficiently by most crops. In tropical rice fields, as much as 50 to 70 per cent can be lost. The problem is that nitrogen negatively impacts water quality by contaminating nearby watersheds or leaching into ground water. It's also a significant source of gases such as ammonia and nitrogen oxide, which are not only harmful to aquatic life but also a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions. While nitrogen is one of three main nutrients required for crops to grow, it also costs the most to produce, adds Kronzucker. "Anything we can do to reduce demand for nitrogen, both environmentally and for farmers in the developing world struggling to pay for it, is a significant contribution." Kronzucker's study for the first time identifies a novel class of chemicals produced and released by the roots of rice crops that directly influence the metabolism of soil microbes. They found that key microbial reactions that lead to an inefficiency in nitrogen capture can be significantly reduced in certain varieties of rice plants through the action of those specific chemicals released from root cells. One of the main reasons crops waste so much fertilizer is that they were bred that way. In the past fertilizers were relatively inexpensive to produce because fossil fuels were abundant and cheap. As a result, plant geneticists bred crops that responded to high fertilizer use regardless of how efficient they were at using nitrogen. "These inefficiencies used to be of little interest, but now, with fluctuating fuel prices and growing concerns over climate change, it's a much bigger issue," says Kronzucker, who is the Director of the Canadian Centre for World Hunger Research at U of T Scarborough. There are more than 120,000 varieties of rice stored at the germplasm bank at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in the Philippines, but Kronzucker's team only focused on varieties that met important criteria. For one they concentrated only on Japonica (the rice used in sushi) and Indica, the world's most popular rice type commonly grown in China, India and Southeast Asia. The varieties also had to be currently grown by farmers, have a high yield potential, be disease and pest-resistant, grow to the right size and have strong enough roots to withstand monsoon-force winds. "They had to be proven in the field as viable options. It's not practical if a rice farmer isn't going to touch it," adds Kronzucker. Going forward the hope is for this study to inform rice-growing strategies throughout Asia. One option could be to provide farmers with government incentives like tax credits, to switch to a more nitrogen-friendly variety. Another outcome could be better breeding programs where even better species of crops can be produced. "There's no reason a crop can't result in less pollution while also saving farmers money; the two aren't incompatible," says Kronzucker. "If we can produce more responsible plants that don't waste fertilizer needlessly, everyone wins." Story Source: The above post is reprinted from materials provided by University of Toronto. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. Journal Reference: Li Sun, Yufang Lu, Fangwei Yu, Herbert J. Kronzucker, Weiming Shi. Biological nitrification inhibition by rice root exudates and its relationship with nitrogen-use efficiency. New Phytologist, 2016; DOI: 10.1111/nph.14057 Cite This Page: MLA APA Chicago University of Toronto. "Rice crops that can save farmers money and cut pollution: New study identifies rice crops that are more efficient at using nitrogen." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 29 July 2016. . Share This Page: AddThis Sharing Buttons RELATED TOPICS Plants & Animals Agriculture and Food Food and Agriculture Drought Earth & Climate Environmental Issues Air Pollution Environmental Science RELATED TERMS Environmental impact assessment Air pollution Logging Rice Ethanol fuel Pollution Recommended Articles Roots key to second Green Revolution Penn State, ScienceDaily, 2010 With organic rice in demand, scientists to help farmers improve production Texas A&M AgriLife, ScienceDaily, 2015 Thai hill farmers help preserve genetic diversity of rice Washington University in St. Louis, ScienceDaily, 2010 How rice twice became a crop and twice became a weed -- and what it means for the future Washington University in St. Louis, ScienceDaily, 2013 Maize roots have evolved to be more nitrogen efficient Penn State, ScienceDaily, 2015 Cloning and functional characterization of a constitutively expressed nitrate transporter gene, OsNRT1, from rice. C M Lin et al., Plant Physiol, 2000 Effects of Hypoxia on 13NH4+ Fluxes in Rice Roots. Kinetics and compartmental analysis Kinetics and Compartmental Analysis Herbert J. Kronzucker et al., Plant Physiol, 1998 Gene expression biomarkers provide sensitive indicators of in planta nitrogen status in maize. Xiaofeng S Yang et al., Plant Physiol, 2011 Biotechnology and the poor. M J Chrispeels, Plant Physiol, 2000 Real time visualization of 13N-translocation in rice under different environmental conditions using positron emitting Ttacer imaging system. S Kiyomiya et al., Plant Physiol, 2001 Powered by TrendMD

10 Foods for Beautiful Skin

Get Glowing Skin with These Nutrient-Rich Foods By Jennifer Gruenemay, ACE-Certified, Special to Lifescript Published January 19, 2016 A dull, dry complexion is a blinking neon sign that you’re not eating right. Put your best face forward with a better diet. Face Food #1: Avocados This creamy fruit is abundant in essential oils and B-complex vitamins that nourish your skin. Niacin (vitamin B3) soothes irritated and red, blotchy skin. One avocado has 3.8 mg of niacin – 27% of what you need every day. Blend half an avocado with yogurt and frozen berries to make a creamy, nutty-flavored morning smoothie. Or try this Avocado Ice Cream recipe. Face Food #2: Mangoes Mangoes have more than 80% of your daily requirement for vitamin A, which is why they’re such a great food for skin. Vitamin A maintains and repairs skin cells; too little of it can cause a dry, flaky complexion. As an antioxidant, vitamin A also fights free radical damage that can prematurely age the skin. And with fewer than 70 calories per serving, this succulent fruit is the perfect pick for your figure as well as your face. Check out this Mango-Chile Chutney. Face Food #3: Almonds Almonds are great for your complexion because they contain vitamin E. The rich oils in vitamin E moisturize dry skin and antioxidants protect against skin damage and premature aging. Reach for a handful of these Spiced Spanish Almonds. Face Food #4: Cottage Cheese Dairy is good for your bones and face. But it’s the selenium in cottage cheese — not the calcium — that makes us wild for the creamy curds. Selenium, an essential mineral, teams up with vitamin E to fight cell-damaging free radicals. Plus, it protects against skin cancer and fights dandruff. Get your cottage cheese in this Baked Mac & Cheese. Face Food #5: Acerola Cherries Just one Acerola cherry supplies 100% of your daily allowance for vitamin C, which is great news for your skin. As an antioxidant, vitamin C fights skin damage and wrinkles. It also plays a central role in the production of collagen, the structural protein in skin. Use Acerola Cherries in these Chocolate-Cherry Cupcakes. Face Food #6: Oysters Whether they’re an aphrodisiac or not, oysters are a love fest for skin. They fight pimples because they’re rich in the mineral zinc, which limits the production of sebum, an oily secretion that contributes to acne. The mineral also works with vitamin C to help boost elastin, the skin's elastic protein. Make this Cioppino with oysters. Face Food #7: Baked Potatoes Eat one baked potato (with the skin) to get 75% of your daily dose of copper. This essential mineral works with vitamin C and zinc to produce the elastin fibers that support skin structure. Too little copper in your diet can reduce your skin’s ability to heal and cause it to become less supple and dull. Get your copper in these Loaded Twice-Baked Potatoes. Published January 19, 2016 BE FIRST TO COMMENT RATE Currently 3/5 Stars. 1 2 3 4 5 PRINT PREVIOUS NEXT Face Food #8: Mushrooms The fungus is rich in riboflavin, a B vitamin that’s vital to your skin. Riboflavin, aka vitamin B2, is involved in tissue maintenance and repair. It also improves blemishes caused by rosacea. In fact, this vitamin is so important for skin repair that the body uses large amounts after sustaining a burn or wound and following surgery. Try these Garlic-Rosemary Mushrooms. Face Food #9: Flaxseed Oil Fish is the best source of omega-3 fatty acids, which hydrate the skin, dilute sebum and unclog pores. But if you're not a fan of fish, flaxseed oil is the best plant source of omega-3s. Just one teaspoon of flaxseed oil per day provides 2.5 grams of omega 3s. Check out this Orange-Miso Sauce with flaxseed oil. Face Food #10: Wheat Germ Don’t let the “germ” scare you – it’s actually just the embryo within a grain of wheat, and it’s nutritious. Wheat germ is a good source of biotin, a B vitamin that's crucial to skin health. A mild biotin deficiency can cause dermatitis, a condition characterized by itchy, scaly skin. Sprinkle wheat germ on yogurt for a tasty way to get more biotin in your diet. Or try these Apricot-Wheat Germ Muffins. Slather It On! Some of these 10 foods make for nourishing facial masks, too. Try this avocado mask to instantly moisturize your skin: 1. Mash one whole avocado. 2. Add 1 teaspoon flaxseed oil and 1 teaspoon honey. 3. Mix together until smooth and creamy. Avocado Face Mask, continued… 4. Apply to face and let sit for 15 to 20 minutes. 5. Rinse clean with warm water. In addition to eating these skin-boosting foods, be sure to drink plenty of water and exercise daily to flush out toxins. Remember, too, that smoking cigarettes damages healthy skin and makes it more prone to wrinkles and dullness. Finally, always wear sunscreen — especially on your face — whether it’s sunny or cloudy. Buy a face moisturizer that contains at least SPF15, or wear a hat with a wide brim to shade your face. Are You a Health Food Nut? Test your knowledge on healthy fare — from garlic to green tea — with this health food quiz. Connect with Us Get more healthy food for thought – check out our posts on Health Bistro and Lifescript TV videos on YouTube. Plus, join the fun and conversation on Google+, Facebook, Twitter, and Pinterest.

The Internet Isn’t Making Us Dumber — It’s Making Us More ‘Meta-Ignorant’ By William Poundstone

The Internet Isn’t Making Us Dumber — It’s Making Us More ‘Meta-Ignorant’ By William Poundstone 323 Share Tweet Share Share Email Comment Print Photo: Jedrzej Kaminski / EyeEm / Getty Images At five-foot-six and 270 pounds, the bank robber was impossible to miss. On April 19, 1995, he hit two Pittsburgh banks in broad daylight. Security cameras picked up good images of his face — he wore no mask — and showed him holding a gun to the teller. Police made sure the footage was broadcast on the local eleven o’clock news. A tip came in within minutes, and just after midnight, the police were knocking on the suspect’s door in McKeesport. Identified as McArthur Wheeler, he was incredulous. “But I wore the juice,” he said. Wheeler told police he rubbed lemon juice on his face to make it invisible to security cameras. Detectives concluded he was not delusional, not on drugs — just incredibly mistaken. Wheeler knew that lemon juice is used as an invisible ink. Logically, then, lemon juice would make his face invisible to cameras. He tested this out before the heists, putting juice on his face and snapping a selfie with a Polaroid camera. There was no face in the photo! (Police never figured that out. Most likely Wheeler was no more competent as a photographer than he was as a bank robber.) Wheeler reported one problem with his scheme: The lemon juice stung his eyes so badly that he could barely see. Wheeler went to jail and into the annals of the world’s dumbest criminals. It was such a feature, in the 1996 World Almanac, that brought Wheeler’s story to the attention of David Dunning, a Cornell psychology professor. He saw in this tale of dim-witted woe something universal. Those most lacking in knowledge and skills are least able to appreciate that lack. This observation would eventually become known as the Dunning-Kruger effect. Dunning and a graduate student, Justin Kruger, embarked on series of experiments testing this premise. They quizzed undergraduate psychology students on grammar, logic, and jokes, then asked the students to estimate their scores and also estimate how well they did relative to others (on a percentile basis). The students who scored lowest had greatly exaggerated notions of how well they did. Dunning had expected that, but not the magnitude of the effect. His first reaction to the results was “Wow.” Those who scored near the bottom estimated that their skills were superior to two-thirds of the other students. Later research went far beyond the university. For one experiment, Dunning and Kruger recruited gun hobbyists at a trapshooting and skeet-shooting competition. Volunteers took a ten-question gun safety and knowledge quiz adapted from one published by the National Rifle Association. Again, the gun owners who knew the least about firearm safety wildly overestimated their knowledge. Like most rules, this one has exceptions. “One need not look far,” Dunning and Kruger wrote, “to find individuals with an impressive understanding of the strategies and techniques of basketball, for instance, yet who could not ‘dunk’ to save their lives. (These people are called coaches.)” But of course coaches understand their own physical limitations. Similarly, “most people have no trouble identifying their inability to translate Slovenian proverbs, reconstruct a V-8 engine, or diagnose acute disseminated encephalomyelitis.” The Dunning-Kruger effect requires a minimal degree of knowledge and experience in the area about which you are ignorant (and ignorant of your ignorance). Drivers, as a group, are subject to the effect — bad drivers usually think they’re good drivers — but those who have never learned how to drive are exempt. Since Dunning and Kruger first published their results in the 1999 paper “Unskilled and Unaware of It: How Difficulties in Recognizing One’s Own Incompetence Lead to Inflated Self-Assessments,” the effect named for them has become a meme. It strikes a universal chord: As Dunning put it, the overconfident airhead “is someone we’ve all met.” Actor John Cleese concisely explains the Dunning-Kruger effect in a much-shared YouTube video: “If you’re very, very stupid, how can you possibly realize that you’re very, very stupid? You’d have to be relatively intelligent to realize how stupid you are … And this explains not just Hollywood but almost the entirety of Fox News.” But the 1999 paper makes clear the authors’ opinion that the first place to look for a Dunning-Kruger ignoramus is in the mirror. *** There is now an active field of research into how the internet is changing what we learn and remember. In a 2011 experiment helmed by Daniel Wegner of Harvard, volunteers were presented with a list of 40 trivia facts — short, pithy statements such as “An ostrich’s eye is bigger than its brain.” Each person was instructed to type all 40 statements into a computer. Half the volunteers were told to remember the facts. The other half weren’t. Also, half were informed that their work would be stored on the computer. The other half were told that it would be erased immediately after the task’s completion. The volunteers were later given a quiz on the facts they’d typed. Those instructed to remember the information scored no better than those who hadn’t been told to do so. But those who believed that their work would be erased scored much better compared to those who believed it would be saved. This was true whether they were trying to remember the facts or not. RELATED STORIES Has Social Media Changed How We Use Sarcasm? How to Say ‘Um’ and ‘Like’ and Also Sound Smart The conscious mind exercises little choice in remembering and forgetting. Nobody decides to forget a client’s name or to remember forever the lyrics of a detested pop tune. It just happens. The Harvard experiment’s results are consistent with a pragmatic system of memory. It is impossible to remember everything. The brain must constantly be doing triage on memories, without conscious intervention. And apparently it recognizes that there is less need to stock our minds with information that can be readily retrieved. (It may be a very long time before you need to know how big an ostrich’s eyeball is.) So facts are more often forgotten when people believe the facts will be archived. This phenomenon has earned a name — the Google effect — describing the automatic forgetting of information that can be found online. If you take the Google effect to the point of absurdity, selfies would cause amnesia. But a 2013 study conducted by Linda Henkel of Fairfield University pointed in that direction. Henkel noticed that visitors to art museums are obsessed with taking cell-phone shots of artworks and often are less interested in looking at the art itself. So she performed an experiment at Fairfield University’s Bellarmine Museum of Art. Undergraduates took a docent tour in which they were directed to view specific artworks. Some were instructed to photograph the art, and others were simply told to take note of it. The next day both groups were quizzed on their knowledge of the artworks. The visitors who snapped pictures were less able to identify works and to recall visual details. Our unconscious curators of memory must be aware of how quickly and easily any needed fact can be called up. This implies that our broadband networks have created a new regime of learning and memory, one in which facts are less likely to be retained and are more quickly forgotten. In a few years, we’ll probably all be wearing devices that shoot a 24-7 video stream of our lives. Will social media make amnesiacs of us all? Uploaded keystrokes are just one of many ways we have of storing information outside our brains. Long before our virtual social networks, we shared memory, knowledge, and expertise among our real social networks. I’m not a foodie, but I have friends who can recommend interesting new restaurants. I don’t know doctors, but I have a general practitioner who can recommend a specialist. We get by in the world, not by knowing everything but by knowing people. Distributed memory can counteract misinformation — to a degree, anyway. Surveys have shown that most people think antibiotics will fight viruses. Wrong. But as Dan M. Kahan of Yale points out, it hardly matters. “Most people” are not going to self-prescribe azithromycin. The important thing is to know that it’s a good idea to go to a doctor when we’re sick and to follow that doctor’s instructions. The Google effect is another adaptation to distributed memory. The cloud is a friend who happens to know everything. It’s always available, provides the answer in seconds, and never gets upset with dumb questions. It’s little wonder we depend on it to the point of absurdity. Economist Seth Stephens-Davidowitz noted that the third-most-common Google search containing the phrase “my penis” is “How big is my penis?” You’d think a ruler would have a better answer. *** Most — more than 50 percent — of millennials can’t name anyone who shot a U.S. president or discovered a planet; they don’t know the ancient city celebrated for its hanging gardens, the one destroyed by Mount Vesuvius, or the emperor said to have fiddled while Rome burned; and most millennials can’t name the single word uttered by the raven in Edgar Allan Poe’s poem. The conventional reaction to such reports is a blend of shock and amusement. It’s terrible how little young people/ordinary citizens know — right? It’s worth asking how we know it’s so terrible and whether it’s terrible at all. Ignorance can be rational. Economist Anthony Downs made that claim in the 1950s. He meant that there are many situations in which the effort needed to acquire knowledge outweighs the advantage of having it. Maybe you got your diploma and a high-paying job without ever learning about that poem with the raven in it. Why learn it now? The contemporary world regards knowledge with ambivalence. We admire learning and retain the view that it is a desirable end in itself. But our more entitled side sees learning as a means to an end — to social advancement, wealth, power, something. We are suspicious of education that lacks an ulterior motive; we click on listicles entitled “8 College Degrees With the Worst Return on Investment.” Ours is the golden age of rational — and rationalized — ignorance. Information is being produced, devalued, and made obsolete at a prodigious rate. Every day the culture changes beneath our feet. It is harder than ever to keep up or even to be sure that keeping up matters anymore. We are left speculating about how important it is to stay current on the Middle East, contemporary novels, local politics, wearable technology, and college basketball. A friend recently wondered aloud whether it was okay to not know anything about Game of Thrones. The observation that you can look up any needed bit of information dodges the issue. You can’t Google a point of view. The poorly informed don’t necessarily know less. They just know different things. A gamer who spends all his free time playing video games will have an encyclopedic understanding of those games. He is ill-informed only by arbitrary standards of what’s important. Not everyone agrees that there is a fixed set of facts that all should know. But absent such a set, the concept of being well-informed becomes a hopelessly relative one. Today’s mediascape does not provide much guidance. It encourages us to create personal, solipsistic filters over information, making it unprecedentedly easy to gorge on news of favorite celebrities, TV shows, teams, political ideologies, and tech toys. This leaves less time and attention for everything else. The great risk isn’t that the internet is making us less informed or even misinformed. It’s that it may be making us meta-ignorant — less cognizant of what we don’t know. Adapted from Head in the Cloud: Why Knowing Things Still Matters When Facts Are So Easy to Look Up by William Poundstone. Copyright © 2016 by William Poundstone. 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